您的位置: 首页 » 法律资料网 » 法律法规 »

中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-25 13:20:37  浏览:8508   来源:法律资料网
下载地址: 点击此处下载

中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)

中国保险监督管理委员会


中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)


Detailed Rules for Implementation of Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies

Article 1
These Rules are formulated in accordance with the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulations”).

Article 2
A foreign insurance company under the Regulations refers to an insurance company registered and conducting insurance business outside the territory of China.

Article 3
The proportion of foreign equity in an insurance company incorporated within the territory of China by a foreign insurance company with a Chinese company or enterprise that conducts life insurance business (hereinafter referred to as “joint-equity life insurance company”) shall be no more than 50% of the total equity of the company.

The shares of a joint-equity life insurance company directly or indirectly held by a foreign insurance company shall not exceed the limit of proportion as stipulated in the preceding paragraph.

Article 4
For a foreign-funded insurance company established within the territory of China before the Regulations became effective with registered capital or working capital of less than RMB 200 million or an equivalent amount in a freely convertible currency, its registered capital or working capital shall be fully paid within 2 years after these Rules become effective. For those who fail to fully pay the registered capital or working capital, China Insurance Regulatory Commission shall not grant approval to their application for operation of new business.

Article 5
The registered capital or working capital of a foreign-funded insurance company shall be the actually paid-up currency.

Article 6
After establishing a branch, the foreign insurance company shall not withdraw the working capital in any form.

Article 7
The period of operation of insurance business being more than 30 years, which is mentioned in Item 1 of Article 8 of the Regulations, means that the foreign insurance company shall have continuously been running insurance business for more than 30 years, and the foreign insurance company’s acquisition of another institution or merger with another institution to establish a new insurance company, shall not affect the calculation of the business operation period.

The business operation period of a subsidiary of a foreign insurance company shall start from the date of establishment of the subsidiary.

Article 8
The representative office mentioned in Item 2 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the following representative offices approved by China Insurance Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as “CIRC”):

(1) The representative office established by a foreign insurance company;
(2) The representative office established by a group to which a foreign insurance company belongs.

Article 9
The representative office established by a foreign insurance company or its group to which the insurance company belongs is only applicable to application for establishing one foreign-funded insurance company.

Article 10
The end of the year prior to the application for the establishment mentioned in Item 3 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the end of the previous fiscal year before the date of application.

Article 11
The other prudential requirements mentioned in Item 7 of Article 8 of the Regulations shall at least include the following requirements:

(1) Reasonable structure for corporate governance;
(2) Stable and sound risk control system;
(3) Sound internal control system;
(4) Effective Management Information System;
(5) Good operating performance without records of serious violation of laws and regulations.

Article 12
Where the applicant fails to provide the business license (duplicate) as stipulated in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, the applicant may provide a valid copy of the business license or a written certificate issued by the relevant authority evidencing the applicant’s eligibility to conduct insurance business.

Article 13
The certificate mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, which is issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located to evidence the applicant’s solvency, shall include one of the following contents:

(1) Certifying that the applicant complies with the regulatory requirements of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate;
(2) Certifying that the applicant has no record of incompliance with the standard of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate.

Article 14
The Letter of Comments issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located concerning the applicant’s application, which is mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, shall include the following contents:

(1) Whether the application for the establishment of an insurance institution in China complies with the laws and rules of the applicant’s country or region;
(2) Whether the authority approves the applicant’s application;
(3) The record of the punishment imposed on the applicant in the last three years prior to the date of issuance of the Letter of Comments by the relevant authority;

Article 15
The annual report mentioned in Item 3 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall include the Balance Sheets, Statements of Profit and Loss, and Cash Flow Statements of the applicant in the last three fiscal years prior to the date of application.

The annual report mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be attached with the auditor’s report issued by an accounting or auditing firm authorized by the country or region where the applicant is located.

Article 16
Except otherwise specified by the laws or administrative regulations or approved by the State Council, the Chinese applicant mentioned in Item 4 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) The companies or enterprises with the capacity of legal person registered at the administration department of industry and commerce, excluding commercial banks, securities organizations and the foreign-funded enterprises specified in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign-funded Enterprises;
(2) Being approved by the administrative authority of the enterprise or its shareholders’ meeting;
(3) Good operating performance and in the previous fiscal year as of the application date being profitable;
(4) Making the investment with self-owned capital from legitimate sources.

Article 17
The relevant documents to be submitted by a Chinese applicant for the establishment of a joint-equity insurance company shall include business license (duplicate), articles of association, business structure, operation history, annual report and punishment record for the last three years.

Article 18
The person in charge of the preparation of a foreign-funded insurance company shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Academic degree above junior college level;
(2) Insurance or related work experience for over 2 years;
(3) No illegal and criminal record.

Article 19
Where an applicant applies for the extension of the preparation period according to the provisions specified in Article 11 of the Regulations, he shall, within 1 month before expiration of the original preparation period, submit a written application to CIRC and explain the reason.

Article 20
The preparation report mentioned in Item 1 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall summarize all the issues stated in other paragraphs under this article.

Article 21
The statutory capital verification organization mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to an accounting firm complying with the requirements of CIRC.

Article 22
The capital verification certificate mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include the following contents:

(1) A Capital Verification Report issued by a statutory capital verification organization;
(2) A copy of the original bank receipt voucher evidencing payment of the registered capital or working capital.

Article 23
The main person-in-charge mentioned in Item 5 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the general manager of the proposed branch of a foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the main person-in-charge of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, refers to the letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the general manager of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, which is signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney shall explicitly specify the scope of authorization granted to the authorized person.

Article 24
The senior managerial personnel of the proposed company mentioned in Item 6 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall have the qualifications specified by CIRC.

The senior managerial personnel of the branch of a foreign insurance company shall have the qualifications equal to those required for the counterparts in the headquarters of an insurance company.

Article 25
The materials regarding business place of the proposed company mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the supporting documents evidencing the ownership or use-right of the business place.

The materials concerning other facilities related to the business mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include at least information about configuration of computer facilities, network construction and information management system.

Article 26
The following documents or materials to be provided by a foreign insurance company for an application for the establishment of a foreign-funded insurance company according to the requirements specified in the Regulations and these Rules, shall be notarized by a public notary legally established in the local country or region, or verified by the embassy or consulate of China in that country:

(1) The business license (duplicate) or valid copy of the business license;
(2) A letter of attorney issued to the proposed person-in-charge of the branch of a foreign insurance company;
(3) A letter of guarantee of a foreign insurance company to undertake the obligations of tax and duties payment and debts repayment on behalf of its branch in China.

Article 27
A foreign-funded insurance company may apply for establishing branches as needed according to business development.

The branch of a foreign insurance company can only conduct business within the territory of the province, autonomous region or municipality where the branch is located. Where the joint-equity insurance company or wholly-owned insurance company is prepared to conduct business in any other province, autonomous region or municipality outside its locality, it shall establish a branch in the place concerned.

A foreign insurance company may, according to actual circumstances, apply for establishing a central sub-branch or sub-branch, operating office or marketing service office. The establishment and management of marketing service offices shall be subject to other applicable regulations of CIRC, if any.

Article 28
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company which has been established with a minimum registered capital of RMB200 million, applies for the first time for the establishment of a branch in every other province, autonomous region, or municipality outside its locality, it shall increase the registered capital by no less than RMB20 million.

By the time of applying for the establishment of a branch, if the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached the amount as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the company will no longer be required to increase its registered capital.

Where the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached RMB500 million and where the solvency of the company is adequate, no increase of registered capital is required when the company applies for the establishment of a branch.

Article 29
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Its solvency margin shall comply with relevant regulations specified by CIRC.
(2) Its internal control system is sound and there is no record of punishment; where the operating period exceeds 2 years, there is no record of punishment in the most recent 2 years;
(3) It has senior managerial personnel of the branch with the relevant qualifications specified by CIRC.

Article 30
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall submit an application to CIRC and provide the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for establishment;
(2) Audited solvency status reports as of the end of the previous fiscal year and as of the end of the last quarter;
(3) A three-year business development plan and market analysis for the proposed branch;
(4) Resume(s) of the person(s)-in-charge of the organization preparation and relevant certificates.

Article 31
CIRC shall examine the application and decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents, whether or not to grant approval; in case no approval is granted, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

After approval is granted, the applicant shall complete the preparation within 6 months. Where the applicant fails to do so within the prescribed time limit, if the reason is justified and subject to approval by CIRC, the period may be extended for 3 months. Where the preparation is still not completed within the extended period, the original approval document issued by CIRC becomes void automatically.

The preparing body may not be engaged in any commercial activities concerning insurance.

Article 32
After the preparation is completed, the applicant shall apply to CIRC for opening business and submit the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for opening business;
(2) A progress report of the preparation work;
(3) Resume(s) of senior managerial personnel to be appointed and relevant certificates;
(4) Relevant certificates of ownership or use-right of the office for the proposed branch, information regarding the configuration of computer facilities, network construction, and internal structure and staff.

Article 33
CIRC shall decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents for opening business, whether or not to grant approval; in case the application is approved, a license for conducting insurance business shall be issued to the branch; in case the application is disapproved, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

The branch with approval for opening business shall go through the formalities of business registration at the administration department of industry and commerce by presenting the approval document and the license for conducting insurance business and accordingly obtain business license from the authority before opening business.

Article 34
Unless otherwise stipulated in these Rules, the examination and administration of the qualifications of the senior managerial personnel of a foreign-funded insurance company and its branches shall be subject to the relevant regulations of CIRC.

Article 35
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company applies for dissolution when it splits, or merges with another one, or dissolves pursuant to the articles of association, such dissolution must be subject to approval of CIRC and the following documents shall be submitted:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company;
(2) The resolution of the meeting of shareholders;
(3) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(4) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

Article 36
The joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company whose dissolution has been approved by CIRC shall, from the date of receiving the approval document from CIRC, terminate any new business activities and hand in the license for conducting insurance business to CIRC and form a liquidation group within 15 days.

Article 37
The liquidation group shall, within 5 days after its establishment, inform the relevant authorities concerning the administration departments of industry and commerce, tax, labor and social security in writing of the liquidation procedure and conditions.

Article 38
The liquidation group shall, within 1 month from the date of establishment, appoint an accounting firm pursuant to the requirements of CIRC to conduct auditing, and shall deliver an auditor’s report to CIRC within three months from the date of appointment.

Article 39
The liquidation group shall submit the latest liability liquidation and assets disposal report to CIRC before the tenth date of each month.

Article 40
The newspaper mentioned in Article 28 of the Regulations refers to the newspaper specified by CIRC.

Article 41
The foreign property insurance company that applies for cancellation of its branch in China shall submit an application to CIRC for approval and present the following materials:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign property insurance company;
(2) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(3) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

The procedures of application for dissolution of a joint-equity or foreign-funded property insurance company specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall be applicable to the specific procedures for the foreign property insurance company to cancel its branch in China.

Where the head office of a branch of a foreign property insurance company is dissolved or cancelled or declared bankruptcy according to law, the liquidation and liability disposal of the branch of such foreign property insurance company shall comply with the regulations concerning dissolution of the joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company stipulated in Article 30 of the Regulations and these Rules.

Article 42
The foreign-funded insurance company in violation of the relevant provisions of these Rules shall be subject to punishment by CIRC according to the provisions specified in Insurance Law, the Regulations and other relevant laws and regulations.

Article 43
The documents, materials and written reports to be submitted or reported under the Regulations and these Rules shall be prepared in Chinese version, and the Chinese version shall prevail in the event of discrepancy between the Chinese version and the foreign language version.

Article 44
The period specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall start from the date when the relevant materials are delivered to CIRC. If the application documents provided by the applicant is incomplete and further delivery is needed, the period shall start from the date when the supplementary materials are delivered to CIRC.

The period concerning approval and report delivery prescribed in these Rules refers to working days.

Article 45
The issues concerning administration of a foreign-funded insurance company that are not specified in the Regulations or these Rules shall be governed by the applicable laws, administrative rules and relevant regulations of CIRC.

The establishment of a foreign-funded reinsurance company shall comply with the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies. The issues not specified in the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies shall be governed by these Rules.

Article 46
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to insurance companies that are established and operated in Chinese mainland by insurance companies from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan region. The issues otherwise stipulated in the laws, administrative rules or administrative protocols shall be governed by the stipulations therein.

Article 47
These Rules shall come into effect as of June 15, 2004.


下载地址: 点击此处下载

襄樊市城市管理局、襄樊市城市管理行政执法局职能配置、内设机构和人员编制规定

湖北省襄樊市人民政府


襄樊市城市管理局、襄樊市城市管理行政执法局职能配置、内设机构和人员编制规定
(2004/02/09)

根据中共襄樊市委、襄樊市人民政府《关于改革城市管理体制建立长效管理机制的意见》(襄发[2003]24号)和襄办发[2003]37号文件精神,组建襄樊市城市管理行政执法局,与市城市管理局合署办公,加挂市城市管理监察支队牌子,实行三块牌子,一套班子的体制,为市政府组成部门,负责全市城市市容环境卫生管理和全市城市管理综合行政执法工作。

一、职能调整

(一)城市道路临时占用和城市道路挖掘的审批、许可管理职能移交市建设委员会。

(二)城市公共客运、城市出租汽车和人力客运三轮车行业管理职能移交市交通局。

(三)将市容环境卫生管理、城市绿化管理、市政管理、规划管理、环境保护管理、工商行政管理、公安交通管理方面法律、法规、规章规定的行政处罚权全部或部分移交市城市管理行政执法局。

二、主要职责

(一)贯彻执行国家、省关于城市管理及城市管理综合行政执法的法律、法规、规章和政策,研究起草全市城市管理综合行政执法的规范性文件及相关的政策、措施、规定,研究制订全市城市管理和城市管理综合行政执法工作中长期规划和年度计划,经批准后组织实施。

(二)负责全市市容管理工作。依据国家、省有关法规和规章,制定城市市容市貌管理标准,组织检查、督办各城区、开发区落实;负责对户外广告设置地点、外型的核准和监督管理,组织实施市直市政公用设施户外广告媒体经营权的有偿出让;负责对损害城市环境、容貌和形象的行为实施监督管理;负责城区道路设置的停车场(市区临时停车场、临时市场)的管理工作。

(三)负责全市环境卫生管理工作。依据国家、省有关法规和规章,制定全市环卫规划和工作标准,组织检查督办各城区、开发区落实,负责垃圾处理场的建设与管理;负责环卫企业资质管理。

(四)根据国务院和省政府授权,行使下列行政处罚权:(1)行使市容环境卫生管理方面的法律、法规、规章规定的行政处罚权,强制拆除不符合城市容貌标准、环境卫生标准的建筑物或者设施。(2)行使城市绿化管理方面法律、法规、规章规定的行政处罚权。(3)行使市政管理方面法律、法规、规章规定的行政处罚权。(4)行使城市规划管理方面法律、法规、规章规定的行政处罚权。(5)行使环境保护管理方面法律、法规、规章规定的对社会生活噪声污染、建筑施工噪声污染的行政处罚权;对饮食服务业油烟污染的行政处罚权;对在人口集中地区焚烧产生有毒有害烟尘和恶臭气体物质的行政处罚权。(6)行使工商行政管理方面法律、法规、规章规定的对无照商贩的行政处罚权。(7)行使公安交通管理方面法律、法规、规章规定的对侵占道路行为的行政处罚权。

(五)负责全市城市管理行政执法的统一指挥和组织协调;负责城市管理行政执法督察;负责市区集中统一执法和跨区综合执法活动的组织实施;负责市区城市管理行政执法重要案件的查处工作;负责城市管理行政执法队伍的建设、城市管理行政执法人员的资格管理和执法人员业务培训、考核、录用(聘用)、检查评比;负责各城区、开发区城市管理行政执法局党政正职的考察和任免工作。

(六)负责城市管理110联动信息服务工作,组织、检查、督办市民投诉的落实。

(七)负责会同市财政部门编制城市管理和城市管理行政执法工作的年度资金计划并组织实施;根据工作考核情况核拨城区、开发区行政执法人员工作经费;负责统一配发各城区、开发区行政执法装备;负责督促行政处罚款罚缴分离制度的执行。

(八)负责全市城市管理和城市管理行政执法工作信息统计工作。

(九)履行省、市人民政府规定的其他职责。

三、机构设置

(一)内设机构

根据职责,市城市管理局、市城市管理行政执法局内设5个职能科室:

1、办公室

负责局机关政务工作的协调和对外联络、接待工作;负责组织贯彻落实局机关各项行政规章制度;负责会议的组织与协调,草拟重要文稿;负责局行政公文的审查把关工作;负责文书、文印、印鉴、机要、保密和文件档案管理工作;负责局系统信息工作、年鉴编辑和大事记起草与组织工作;负责组织处理人民群众来信来访、办理人大建议和政协提案;负责局系统新闻宣传和综合调研工作;负责编制城市管理和城市管理行政执法工作年度资金计划并组织实施,核拨市区行政执法人员工作经费并实施监督管理;负责行政执法装备管理工作;负责局机关财务和机关车辆管理工作;完成局领导交办的其它工作任务。

2、行政执法科

负责制定市区城市管理行政执法工作计划并组织实施,具体负责相对集中的市容环境卫生、城市绿化、市政管理、工商行政管理、公安交通管理、城市规划和环境保护方面行政执法活动的统一指挥、指导和组织协调;负责组织、协调、督办上述七个方面的市区集中统一执法、跨区综合执法和专项执法活动,组织查处上述七个方面的大案、要案和社会影响较大的重要案件;负责与相关行政管理部门的协调和信息沟通;完成局领导交办的其它工作任务。

3、法规与执法督察科

负责城市管理行政执法工作规范性文件的起草、审查和报批工作;负责城市管理行政执法系统的法制建设;负责管辖范围内行政复议案件的受理、审理工作;负责行政诉讼工作;负责城市管理行政执法文书的制定、印制、编号和发放工作;负责城市管理重要案件行政处罚案件的审查和受委托执法单位行政处罚案件的审核工作;负责组织城市管理行政执法人员的队容风纪进行纠察;负责对城市管理行政处罚案件的办理进行监督、检查;负责受理和查处社会各界对城市管理行政执法工作的举报;负责处理与城市管理行政执法工作有关的投诉;负责市区行政执法工作考核;完成局领导交办的其它工作任务。

4、市容环卫管理办公室

负责制定市容市貌标准;负责对损害城市环境、容貌和形象的行为实行监督管理;负责组织协调、督办、检查城市环境、立面容貌的综合整治工作;负责对户外广告设置地点及外型核准的审定工作,负责对户外广告的监督管理;负责对县(市)、区市容管理的组织协调、监督检查、考核评比工作;负责制定全市环卫规划和工作标准,组织检查督办各城区、开发区落实;负责垃圾处理场的建设与管理;负责环卫企业资质管理;完成局领导交办的其它工作任务。

5、人事教育科

负责城管执法系统的政治思想教育和党建工作,开展并指导城管执法精神文明建设工作;负责组织安排理论学习和宣传工作、管理统战工作,研究制定全系统人事工作的规章制度和改革办法;负责局机关公务员和局属单位及各城区、开发区城市管理行政执法局党政正职的干部录用、调配、任免、奖惩与考核工作;按照上级人事、编制管理的有关规定,负责局机关及所属单位的人事调配管理;指导管理局机关、直属单位的劳动工资;管理直属单位各类技术职称改革和评聘工作;负责局机关和直属单位人员进出有关手续办理工作;负责管理大中专毕业生分配和军队转业干部、士兵的安置工作;负责普法教育工作;负责城市管理行政执法人员的教育培训工作;完成局领导交办的其它工作任务。

(二)直属机构

成立襄樊市城市管理行政执法督察大队,为市城市管理行政执法局管理的副县级行政执法机构,设立城市管理110联动信息指挥中心,与市城市管理行政执法督察大队合署办公,两块牌子,一套班子。主要负责全市城市管理行政执法督察、跨区综合行政执法、快速反应、大要案的查处和城管信息收集、处理、反馈工作。

纪检监察机构按有关规定设置。

四、人员编制和领导职数

(一)市城市管理局、市城市管理行政执法局机关行政编制25名。其中:局长1名,副局长3名,纪检组长1名;市容环卫管理办公室主任1名(副县级);正科级领导职数7名(含市容环卫管理办公室副主任2名),副科级领导职数4名。

设立机关离退休人员工作科,人员编制3名。其中:科级领导职数1名。

(二)市、区(开发区)核定行政执法专项编制200名。先期下达150名专项编制,人员编制分解如下:

市城市管理行政执法督察大队行政执法人员专项编制20名,其中:大队长1名,副大队长2名。

襄城区城市管理行政执法人员专项编制35名。

樊城区城市管理行政执法人员专项编制75名。

高新技术产业开发区城市管理行政执法专项编制10名。

汽车产业开发区城市管理行政执法人员专项编制7名。

鱼梁洲开发区城市管理行政执法人员专项编制3名。

原城建监察支队事业编制予以收回。

五、其他事项

1、城区、开发区执法机构设置和人员编制分解由各城区、开发区报市编委审批。

2、按照人随事走的原则,从市城市管理局调整10名在编在职在岗的机关工作人员到市建设委员会。

3、自该方案批复之日起,原《襄樊市城市管理局职能配置、内设机构和人员编制规定》(襄政办发[2002]74号)予以废止。


6·26国际禁毒日 记者律师谈贩毒



主持人: 6·26国际禁毒日快到了,今天华西都市报记者王仁刚和天府早报记者周海波特邀请四川著名刑事辩护律师冯明超,谈谈你就贩毒刑事司法中存在难点疑点,以及如何打击贩毒等问题进行座谈。
冯: 谢谢大家。主持人好!法学院的同学们好!
周: 据我所知,你到过许多高级人民法院为毒贩和贪污受贿的官员进行过死刑辩护。
冯: 是的。
王: 贪官都恨,你怕老百姓骂你吗?
冯: 律师的职责就是维护法律的公正,把毒贩和贪官都杀了不一定就公正。
周: 你代理的唐锡河贩毒一案,据说己由四川省高级人民将原判死刑改为死缓,是真的吗?
冯: 是的。
周: 你介绍一下案情吧。
冯: 案情是这样的:
被告人陈XX(陈良平)于2003年8月18日被广安市公安局刑拘,在广安看守所中与唐老板联系,唐老板要12个货(每个700克)。2003年9月15日广安市公安局经四川省公安厅协调从雅安市公安局借用10?海洛因,携带8400g毒品押陈XX坐飞机去广州,用被告人陈XX的身份证在广东盛海大酒店登记开301和309两间房,由广安市公安局民警将带去的8400克毒品放在301房,民警与被告人陈XX共住309房,陈XX用手机联系唐XX(唐锡河),四小时后唐XX来到了309房,被告人陈XX拿出事先准备好的一小块样品交唐看,唐取一点点放在香烟锡泊纸上用打火烧着品偿,并同时另取一小块放进玻璃水中杯中,验货后,陈唐二人经过两个回合讨价还价后按每克165元成交。唐XX算了一下说买7个货,约4900克,需808500元,而当天只带80万元,双方约定: 先付80万元,下欠的8500元到晚上买剩下的3500克毒品时一并结清。于是唐叫同来的另一名男子下楼去将旅行袋中80万元钱拿上来后,交陈XX点清确为80万元钱时,被在门外蹲点控制的民誓进屋当场抓获了唐等人。2003年9月5日被广安市公安局刑事拘留,同年10月9日被逮捕。
广安市中级人民法院认为: 被告人唐XX参与贩卖毒品海洛因4900克。依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第三百四十七条、第五十七条、第五十九条、第六十四条之规定,判决如下:
被告人唐XX犯贩卖毒品罪,判处死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产。
周: 四川省高级人民法院的判决结果呢?
冯: 四川省高级人民法院于2005年8月25日开庭审理后,认为唐XX贩卖毒品的行为,由于控制在公安人员手中,整个毒品交易过程处于公安机关的控制之下,交易自始就不能完成。这种因为犯罪分子意志以外的原因而犯罪不可能得逞的情形,属于犯罪未遂。唐XX可以比照既遂犯从轻处罚,其辩护人的辩护意见予以采信。据此作出(2005)川刑终字第254号判决:
一、撤销广安市中级人民法院(2004)广法刑初字第10号刑事判决;
二、上诉人唐XX犯贩卖毒品罪,判处死刑,缓期二年执行,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产。
王: 警察带毒品去让唐锡河购买,广安中院一审对其判处死刑,社会反映不一,这个案件争议很大。
冯: 老百姓是怎样看的呢?
王: 警察的职业道德受到了质疑。我们电话采访了部分群众,有的人认为警察带毒品能起到钓毒贩的作用就可以了,不应当带这么10?之多,即使被告坚持要买也决不能卖给嫌犯这么多。有群众认为被告人购买警察带去的毒品,法院不能按成交数量判刑。万一警察想陷害、整死别人,就买给别人几公斤,法院照此数量判被告人死刑,那就不叫依“法”判处死刑,而是以“警察”判处死刑,司法明显不公。有的认为警察带大量毒品让嫌犯买,缺道。有的认为法律应当对警察携带毒品数量进行限制,如不得超过10克为宜。也有的认为警察带大量毒品让嫌犯买确实不应该,但必竞还是嫌犯自已买的,判死刑,何该?
一位法律专业的大学生认为,唐锡河的生死完全就掌握在公安机关的手中,并不是法律要判他死刑,而是公安人员炮制再借法律杀人,法律成了公安机关随意杀人借用的工具,完全是公安假借法律草菅人命。这种公关机关只需带几克、几十克作诱饵,却人为加大毒品数量,使本不够死刑的数量达到刑死的数量,其本质就是犯罪引诱。一审判处唐锡河判处死刑是公安机关加大数量造成的,属人为操纵,不是被告人自己主观犯意所致。打击犯罪是打击犯罪行为人自愿作出的犯罪行为,而不是公安机关精心布置、虚假的犯罪,这与打击犯罪的立法本意相悖。
周: 你作为唐的辩护律师,你是怎样看的呢?
冯: 本案非常特殊,属重大疑难一类案件,本质上属适用法律争议。
《刑法》第二十三条规定“已经着手实施犯罪,由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因未得逞,是犯罪未遂。”也就是说“犯罪未得逞”是犯罪未遂区别于犯罪既遂的显著标志。所谓犯罪未得逞是指在直接故意犯罪中,犯罪之实行行为没有齐备具体犯罪构成的全部要件。但由于毒品犯罪的特殊性,大量贩毒案件犯罪人仅仅看了样品,甚至有的还处于讨价还价阶段就被抓获,大都停顿在购买了毒品尚未卖出。象正在进行毒品交易人赃俱获的、真正已将毒品由卖方转移到买方手上,毒品交易完成以后被抓获的情形属于少数。再者由于毒品犯罪的社会危害性很大,不可能等到嫌犯转手出卖以后才予以打击。因此,许多贩毒案件要么是因为毒品转手下家或者被吸食消耗而缺少物证毒品,要么是钱货未交割完毕。这类案件的审理还是辩护,对法官和律师都要求具有极高的刑法学理论知识和丰富的实践经验。
由于贩卖毒品罪既、未遂的认定在理论界和实务界争议很大,存在着转移说、契约说、实际行为说等不同的学说,不同的学说将导致对在贩卖毒品案件既未遂的认定不同的结果,甚至是截然相反的结果。如果以“毒品转移说”的观点判断贩卖毒品罪的既遂与否,则必然使大量的贩卖毒品案件认定为犯罪未遂,不利于打击犯罪。
王: 审理这类案件如何正确认定犯罪既未遂和量刑呢?
冯: 最近几年公安机关为了打击贩毒,根据在押犯罪嫌疑人提供的线索,由公安人员或公安“特情”充当毒品交易的“卖方” 或“买方”,同嫌疑人进行交易,将其抓获的情形也不少。根据自已对大量贩毒案件判例和毒品犯罪理论的研究,我认为应当按不列办法,分两类情况处理才是正确的:
第一类情况是毒贩手中已有毒品,公安或公安特情充当“买方”参与“交易”。对这种情况,由于毒品被犯罪嫌疑人控制,早已准备好,不存在犯罪未遂的问题,即认定为犯罪既遂。
若查明存在特情引诱的情况,应从轻或减轻处罚。若经审理查明不存在特情引诱的或者虽使用了特情,但其犯罪与引诱无关,按实际查清的毒品数量量刑,不应从轻或减轻处罚。
需要指出的是: 有人认为使用了特情,必然应认定为犯罪未遂,这个观点是错误的,因为特情引诱与犯罪未遂是两个不同的概念,两者不能混为一谈,但都对量刑有影响。
第二类情况是嫌疑人欲购买毒品,公安或特情提供毒品充当“卖方”与其交易。针对这种情况,因为公安机关携带毒品的目的不是将毒品真正卖给嫌疑人,而是为了抓获嫌疑人,是一种侦查措施。毒品由公安机关控制,其“交易”自始就不可能实现其贩卖毒品的犯罪目的,这种因犯罪分子以外的原因而未得逞,应根据《刑法》第二十三条认定为犯罪未遂,可以比照既遂犯从轻或减轻处罚。但无论数量多大,都不应判处死刑立即执行。
如果在审理中查明还有特情引诱的情形,应当按“全国法院审理毒品犯罪案件工作座谈会纪要”的规定,从轻、减轻处罚。
周: 刚才你谈到特情时,要按以上分两类进们判处,法院采纳没有呢?
冯: 我发表了两篇学术论文《贩卖毒品的既未遂探讨》《犯罪引诱与量刑》,详细阐述了分两类判处的法学机理,法律依据,大家可以去书店查阅。
感到欣慰的是,我提出的上述分两类处理办法,得到了全国多数高级法院审判庭、审判员的认可和采纳,现在许多法院都是按我提出的办法来认定既未遂的。
周: 听说全国各地法院对贩毒既未遂认定和量刑差异很大,是这样的吗?
冯: 是这样的,我曾作过统计。
在司法实践中,各地法院对案件的处理也不一致,以毒犯同特情(系卖方)之间进行5000克海洛因交易为例,各省法院对犯罪既未遂性质认定不同,而且量刑差异很大。云南省判处被告人6年左右有期徒刑,从犯还可判处缓刑;广西壮族自治区判处被告人10年左右的有期徒刑;福建省判处被告人5年以上12年以下的有期徒刑;但各地法院均不判处死刑立即执行。大部分法院认定为犯罪未遂,而有的法院在裁判文书中不明确认定为犯罪未遂,只说明本案有特殊情况存在,直接作减轻处理。
王: 把你的上述学术研究成果写入最高法院的司法解释或纪要文件中,能否消除各地法院判决的差异。
冯: 那是我梦寐以求的事。所有的法律人都在追求统一司法尺度,做到量刑公正与均衡,这也是中国司法改革的重要价值目标之一,同时还可以平息贩毒既未遂学术之争。
我还要特别地谈一谈最高法院对贩毒既未遂的观点。先看一个真实案例,2001年4月29月由公安人员以“卖主”的身纷与嫌犯苏永清接触,苏永清决定以每公斤人民币2.35万元的价格购买冰毒35公斤,福建省泉州市中级人民法院经审理后认为被告人苏永清的行为已构成贩卖毒品罪,系犯罪未遂。据此判决被告人苏永清犯贩卖毒品罪,判处无期徒刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产。
最高人民法院刑一庭副庭长李武清认为: 如果毒品交易的卖方不是公安特情和公安机关,而是其他真正的毒犯,由于交易双方已就毒品交易种类、数量、价格、时间、地点等基本交易事项达成一致,那么,即使交易双方未能实际完成毒品交易而被公安机关当场抓获的,对毒品交场的双方都应以“能犯的”既遂处理。这一点是认定贩卖毒品罪与其他刑事犯罪既未遂问题的一项重要区别。但是由于本案的特殊性在于,出面与被告人进行所谓 “毒品交易” ,充当毒品交易的 “卖方” 是公安机关,公安机关不可能真正将毒品卖给被告人。换言之,
被告人事实上从一开始就不可能实现其为贩毒而购毒的犯罪目的,这种因为犯罪分子意志以外的原因而犯罪不可能得逞的情形,属于犯罪未遂。应当根据《刑法》第二十三条第二款的规定,可以比照既遂犯从轻或减轻处罚,
周: 这个案件是否暴露了立法中的诸多不足。
冯: 目前刑事技术侦查措施非法治化,缺之监督制约机制。虽然《国家安全法》和《警察法》的规定,侦查机关可以采用技术侦查措施。但法律对哪些属于技术侦查措施、使用的范围,如何采用侦查措施,所收集的证据效力等方面没有相应的规定,而是由侦查机关自行决定,秘密进行,大有滥用之嫌。如本案公安机关为了抓获嫌疑人携带适当的毒品,进行技术侦查是必要的。而有的公安机关却带8400g毒品,故意人为加大毒品数量,致使嫌疑人贩毒数量远远超过判处死刑的标准,致使嫌疑人被判处死刑,这与打击行为人自愿作出的犯罪行为的立法本意相悖。该案极具代表性,折射出侦查措施使用的范围及其合法性、适度性、监督机制的建立都值得立法者和司法界的高度观注。人民法院应当对侦查措施的合法性和和适当性进行审查,对于量刑要谨慎从严把握。
王: 你对贩毒应是如何看的?